What are Initiation Rites and 被欺侮?
Across societies and time, people have initiated new members into groups, 通过旨在培养归属感的仪式和仪式. 然而，有时这些仪式或活动会越过界限，变成欺侮——一种羞辱性的行为, dangerous or even illegal. Because people's perceptions of hazing vary, 很难区分积极的或可接受的入会仪式和可疑的或不可接受的入会仪式.
We defined hazing as "任何加入侮辱人的团体的行为, 降解, abuses or endangers, regardless of the person's willingness to participate. 这还不包括新秀拿球之类的活动, team parties with community games, or going out with your teammates, unless an atmosphere of humiliation, degradation, abuse or danger arises." (2) 这个定义清楚地印在调查表的开头.
Under this definition, 45 percent of the respondents reported that they knew of, had heard of, or suspected hazing on their campuses. Only 12 percent reported being hazed for athletics. Eighty percent, 然而, 据报告，作为团队入会的一部分，他们遭受了一种或多种典型的欺侮行为. So, 而学生们会承认各种各样的欺侮行为, they most often were reluctant to label them "hazing.这种不情愿是可以理解的，尤其是考虑到欺侮在41个州都是犯罪行为.
下表显示了运动员的入会行为报告, divided into four mutually exclusive categories:
- acceptable behaviors (only positive activities).
- 有问题的行为(羞辱或有辱人格的活动), but no dangerous or potentially illegal, activities).
- alcohol-related activities (drinking contests, 不包括其他危险或潜在的非法活动).
- 不可接受的和潜在的非法行为(极有可能造成危险或伤害的活动), or could result in criminal charges).
当我们观察组成行为时，欺侮的普遍性变得更加清晰. 在接受调查的运动员中，百分之百的人都参加了某种形式的运动队入会仪式. 几乎所有人都被期望参与可接受的行为. 然而, 80%的人还接受了其他形式的可疑入会仪式, alcohol-related, and unacceptable.
20%的人报告只参与可接受的入会活动. 尽管运动员必须达到特定的标准(技术水平), 在一项运动中的表现或保持一个特定的GPA)，以获得一个团队的资格, 欺侮行为的普遍存在表明，这种可接受的活动是不够的. 运动员似乎需要专门为入会而设计的活动, and if those are not provided, they will create their own.
| Acceptable Initiation Activities | 男性877 | (n) | 女 1142 | (n) | 总计 2027 | (n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attending pre-season training | 89% | 728 | 89% | 983 | 88% | 1716 |
| Testing for skill, endurance, or performance in a sport | 78% | 678 | 78% | 859 | 79% | 1540 |
| Keeping a specific grade point average | 72% | 612 | 78% | 861 | 75% | 1478 |
| Dressing up for team functions (besides uniforms) | 69% | 591 | 75% | 843 | 73% | 1438 |
| Attending a skit night or team roast | 54% | 457 | 57% | 632 | 55% | 1092 |
| Doing volunteer community service | 45% | 383 | 54% | 601 | 50% | 987 |
| Taking an oath or signing a contract of standards | 44% | 380 | 54% | 602 | 50% | 985 |
| Completing a ropes course or team trip | 29% | 252 | 43% | 475 | 37% | 729 |
| 参加至少一项可接受活动的运动员总数 | 96% | 838 | 97% | 1102 | 96% | 1945 |
女性运动员更有可能只参与可接受的入会活动，而男性运动员更有可能参与欺侮行为. 然而，如下表所示，欺侮在女性中几乎和男性一样普遍.
| Questionable Initiation Activities | 男性 | (n) | 女 | (n) | 总计 | (n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Being yelled, cursed, or sworn at | 38% | 326 | 25% | 286 | 31% | 614 |
| Being forced to wear embarrassing clothing | 22% | 194 | 33% | 373 | 29% | 571 |
| Tattooing, piercing, head shaving, or branding | 32% | 278 | 24% | 272 | 28% | 552 |
| Participating in calisthenics not related to a sport | 14% | 125 | 11% | 127 | 13% | 253 |
| Associating with specific people, not others | 12% | 101 | 11% | 124 | 11% | 226 |
| 在球场外充当球员的私人仆人 | 10% | 85> | 8% | 95 | 9% | 181> |
| Being forced to deprive oneself of food, sleep, or hygiene | 7% | 56 | 8% | 85 | 7% | 141 |
| Consuming extremely spicy/disgusting concoctions | 8% | 69 | 5% | 60 | 6% | 129 |
| 总计 involved in at least one questionable activity | 68% | 594 | 63% | 719 | 65% | 1318 |
一个参与可疑入会活动的团队，很有可能也会参与不可接受的活动. Although seemingly harmless,有问题的活动往往是更危险和破坏性行为的警告信号. 超过80%的运动员在接受可疑的入会活动的同时也接受了不可接受的活动. 将有问题的入会活动视为无害而不予理会是一种常见的反应, but by doing so, we may be ignoring more serious problems.
| Questionable Activities | % |
|---|---|
| Being yelled, cursed, or sworn at | 81% |
| Tattooing, piercing, head shaving, or branding | 81% |
| Being forced to wear embarrassing clothing | 85% |
| Participating in calisthenics not related to a sport | 98% |
| Associating with specific people, not others | 98% |
| Being forced to deprive oneself of food, sleep, or hygiene | 99% |
| 在球场外充当球员的私人仆人 | 100% |
| Consuming extremely spicy/disgusting concoctions | 100% |
We know that many hazing deaths involve alcohol, 要么是因为学生的判断力受损，他们承担了原本不会承担的风险, or because they overdose on alcohol. 受访者证实，酒精在欺侮学生加入运动队方面发挥了重要作用, 超过一半的运动员说他们参加了与酒精有关的入会活动.
| Alcohol-related Initiation Activities | 男性 | (n) | 女 | (n) | 总计 | (n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Consuming alcohol on recruitment visits | 42% | 364 | 39% | 442 | 42% | 809 |
| Participating in a drinking contest | 35% | 302 | 34% | 387 | 35% | 693 |
| 总计 involved in any alcohol-related activity | 52% | 456 | 51% | 582 | 51% | 1042 |
One out of every five athletes (27 percent of men, (16%的女性)参加了一个或多个不可接受的入会仪式, those that carry a high probability of danger or injury, or could result in criminal charges.
| Other Unacceptable Initiation Activities | 男性 | (n) | 女 | (n) | 总计 | (n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Making prank calls or harassing others | 12% | 105 | 8% | 91 | 10% | 197 |
| Destroying or stealing property | 11% | 91 | 5% | 59 | 7% | 50 |
| Engaging in or simulating sexual acts | 7% | 64 | 5% | 52 | 6% | 116 |
| Being tied up, taped, or confined in small spaces | 8% | 65 | 3% | 29 | 5% | 94 |
| Being paddled, whipped, beaten, kicked; beating others | 5% | 42 | 1% | 13 | 3% | 55 |
| Being kidnapped or transported and abandoned | 4% | 33 | 2% | 19 | 3% | 52 |
| 总计 involved in any one unacceptable activity | 27% | 234 | 16% | 183 | 21% | 418 |
然而，对于17%的受访者来说，发起的不仅仅是一次违规. 这些运动员——绝大多数是男性——发现自己深深地沉浸在一种欺侮文化中. 他们参与或遭受了五种或更多的欺侮行为. 因子分析报告了六种不同的相关行为. Further study into this clustering phenomenon, in which subcultures of hazing behavior seem to emerge, 可能为检测和预防策略提供见解.
在41个有反欺侮法的州中，许多州限制了欺侮的定义, often eliminating humiliation as an element. 许多法律都是专门针对兄弟会欺侮行为的, and do not cover athletic or high school hazing. 各州的法律对于被欺侮者的同意是否包含在欺侮的定义中也有所不同. (Source: Hank Nuwer)
(3)需要注意的是，许多参加与酒精有关的入会活动的运动员还不到法定饮酒年龄21岁. 在这种情况下，与酒精有关的入会仪式是非法的.